High blood pressure (hypertension) is a common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease. Blood Pressure is determined both by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure. A blood pressure reading is given in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). It has two numbers.

• Top Number (Systolic Pressure) – The first, or upper, number measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats.
• Bottom Number (Diastolic Pressure) – The second, or lower, number measures the pressure in your arteries between beats.

SYMPTOMS OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke. A few people with HBP may have headaches, shortness of breath, or nosebleeds, but these signs and symptoms aren’t specific and usually don’t occur until HBP reaches a severe or life-threatening stage.  Fortunately, high blood pressure can be easily detected through BP measurement with a BP apparatus. The measurement is quick and painless.

CAUSES HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood pressure is determined by two things: the amount of blood the heart pumps and how hard it is for the blood to move through the arteries.

There are two main types of high blood pressure.

There are two main types of high blood pressure.

Primary (essential) hypertension: This type of high blood pressure tends to develop gradually over many years. Plaque buildup in the arteries, called atherosclerosis, increases the risk of high blood pressure. For most adults, there’s no identifiable cause of high blood pressure.

Secondary hypertension: This type of high blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition. It tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than does primary hypertension. Conditions and medicines that can lead to secondary hypertension include:

Adrenal gland tumors

• Blood vessel problems present at birth, also called congenital heart defects
• Cough and cold medicines, some pain relievers, birth control pills, and other prescription drugs
• Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines
• Kidney disease
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Thyroid problems

Sometimes just getting a health checkup causes blood pressure to increase. This is called white coat hypertension.

RISK FACTORS

High blood pressure has many risk factors, including:

• Age. The risk of high blood pressure increases with age. Until about age 64, high blood pressure is more common in men. Women are more likely to develop high blood pressure after age 65.
• Race. High blood pressure is particularly common among Black people. It develops at an earlier age in Black people than it does in white people.
• Family history. You’re more likely to develop high blood pressure if you have a parent or sibling with the condition.
• Obesity or being overweight. Excess weight causes changes in the blood vessels, the kidneys, and other parts of the body. These changes often increase blood pressure. Being overweight or having obesity also raises the risk of heart disease and its risk factors, such as high cholesterol.
• Lack of exercise. Not exercising can cause weight gain. Increased weight raises the risk of high blood pressure. Inactive people also tend to have higher heart rates.
• Tobacco use or vaping. Smoking, chewing tobacco, or vaping immediately raises blood pressure for a short while. Tobacco smoking injures blood vessel walls and speeds up the process of hardening of the arteries. If you smoke, ask your care provider for strategies to help you quit.
• Too much salt. A lot of salt — also called sodium — in the body can cause the body to retain fluid. This increases blood pressure.
• Low potassium levels. Potassium helps balance the amount of salt in the body’s cells. A proper balance of potassium is important for good heart health. Low potassium levels may be due to a lack of potassium in the diet or certain health conditions, including dehydration.
• Drinking too much alcohol. Alcohol use has been linked with increased blood pressure, particularly in men.
• Stress. High levels of stress can lead to a temporary increase in blood pressure. Stress-related habits such as eating more, using tobacco or drinking alcohol can lead to further increases in blood pressure.
• Certain chronic conditions. Kidney disease, diabetes, and sleep apnea are some of the conditions that can lead to high blood pressure.
• Pregnancy. Sometimes pregnancy causes high blood pressure.

High blood pressure is most common in adults. But kids can have high blood pressure, too. High blood pressure in children may be caused by problems with the kidneys or heart. But for a growing number of kids, high blood pressure is due to lifestyle habits such as an unhealthy diet and lack of exercise.

COMPLICATIONS

The excessive pressure on the artery walls caused by high blood pressure can damage blood vessels and body organs. The higher the blood pressure and the longer it goes uncontrolled, the greater the damage.

Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to complications, including:

• Heart attack or stroke. Hardening and thickening of the arteries due to high blood pressure or other factors can lead to a heart attack, stroke or other complications.
• Aneurysm. Increased blood pressure can cause a blood vessel to weaken and bulge, forming an aneurysm. If an aneurysm ruptures, it can be life-threatening.
• Heart failure. When you have high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder to pump blood. The strain causes the walls of the heart’s pumping chamber to thicken. This condition is called left ventricular hypertrophy. Eventually, the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs, causing heart failure.
• Kidney problems. High blood pressure can cause the blood vessels in the kidneys to become narrow or weak. This can lead to kidney damage.
• Eye problems. Increased blood pressure can cause thickened, narrowed, or torn blood vessels in the eyes. This can result in vision loss.
• Metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is a group of disorders of the body’s metabolism. It involves the irregular breakdown of sugar, also called glucose. The syndrome includes increased waist size, high triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL or “good”) cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar levels. These conditions make you more likely to develop diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.
• Changes with memory or understanding. Uncontrolled high blood pressure may affect the ability to think, remember, and learn.
• Dementia. Narrowed or blocked arteries can limit blood flow to the brain. This can cause a certain type of dementia called vascular dementia. A stroke that interrupts blood flow to the brain can also cause vascular dementia.

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